The ETD is the principal taxing scheme used for fossil and low-carbon fuels in EU. Fossil fuels will be taxed more, and renewable low-carbon fuels will receive incentives, including shore power.

RED targets supply side - production - of fuels in the EU, aiming for a 40% energy share from renewable sources by 2030.

AFIR targets the supply side of marine infrastructure and fuels in the EU, mandating the use of low-carbon fuels and shore power by 2030.

EU MRV is the CO2 reporting system in Europe, used for carbon tax determination. It is applicable to vessels of 5000 GT and above. It is expected to apply to 400 GT and above. Learn more about EU MRV here.

FuelEU Maritime is one of the most stringent upcoming laws on maritime sustainability, making shore power mandatory by 2030. Much remains uncertain.

EU ETS will serve as a carbon tax for the maritime industry. At current price level, it will increase fuel cost by at least €200 - €300 per mT fuel.