Optimising FuelEU compliance strategy for minimum cost - penalty, pooling, or biofuels?

This case study compares three compliance strategies for FuelEU - paying the penalty (business as usual), buying pool credits from a third party, and blending biofuels - for a representative 4-ship fleet over 2026–2040. Results show that pooling and biofuels both beat business as usual by 6–7%, but it is a coin toss on which is better for you. The outcome is highly sensitive to B100 price and tightens structurally in favour of biofuels after 2030, making this a tipping-point question rather than a one-off choice.